The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( September 2007) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. This section possibly contains original research. speak of many things incoherently", believing that they are in communication with spirits. The administering witch-doctor took the drug along with his patients, intoxicating "them so that they do not know what they do and. It worked quickly: "almost immediately they believe they see the room turn upside-down and men walking with their heads downwards". draw it into themselves through the nose". The description of its effects reads in part: "This kohobba powder," described as "an intoxicating herb, is so strong that those who take it lose consciousness when the stupefying action begins to wane, the arms and legs become loose and the head droops." It is administered with a cane about one foot long of which they introduce one end "in the nose and the other in the powder and. Pane's report was first published in 1511 in Martyr's descriptions of the New World. The first report of the effects of hallucinogenic snuff prepared from the beans of Anadenanthera peregrina dates back to 1496 when it was observed by Friar Ramon Pane, who was commissioned by Christopher Columbus, among the Taino Indians of Hispaniola. Some tribes use yopo along with Banisteriopsis caapi to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of ayahuasca. In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.
Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the Caribbean area, including Puerto Rico and La Española, up to the Spanish Conquest. Some indigenous peoples of the Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in the southern part of the Brazilian Amazon make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported. Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that insufflation of Anadenanthera beans is a more recent method of use. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen DMT, one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. colubrina, at Inca Cueva, a site in the Humahuaca gorge at the edge of the Puna of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from pipes made of puma bone ( Puma concolor) found with Anadenanthera beans presumably of the sister species A. Entheogenic uses Īrchaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera beans have been used as hallucinogens for thousands of years. The bark contains a high percentage of tannins, 587 mg CE/g extract.
The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to cattle.Ĭhemical compounds contained in A. peregrina is very hard and is used for making furniture. colubrina have a similar chemical makeup as Anadenanthera peregrina, with their primary constituent being bufotenin. This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree, Anadenanthera colubrina, commonly known as cebíl or vilca.